02 April 2011

Ancient books inscribed on, and bound with, lead ? Or not?

I read the story first at the BBC:
A group of 70 or so "books", each with between five and 15 lead leaves bound by lead rings, was apparently discovered in a remote arid valley in northern Jordan somewhere between 2005 and 2007. A flash flood had exposed two niches inside the cave, one of them marked with a menorah or candlestick, the ancient Jewish religious symbol. A Jordanian Bedouin opened these plugs, and what he found inside might constitute extremely rare relics of early Christianity. That is certainly the view of the Jordanian government, which claims they were smuggled into Israel by another Bedouin.
More at the link.  Here's an excerpt from the press release:
The collection appears to be of mixed provenance. But initial metallurgical tests indicate that some of the books made of lead could date from the first century CE/AD, based on the form of corrosion which has taken place, which experts believe would be impossible to achieve artificially.

Sealed books were used by early Christian writers as a code for secret teaching; they were heavily persecuted and needed to protect their knowledge. Until now, no such book has ever been found. The codices were discovered in an area to which Christian refugees are known to have fled after the fall of Jerusalem in 70CE/AD, and where important documents from the same period have previously been found. The existence of a significant, hidden collection of sealed codices is mentioned in the Christian Bible’s Book of Revelation and in other biblical books.
Unfortunately, today I found a thread at Reddit which lead to a report by an Oxford professor who will stake his reputation that the "lead book" is a modern forgery.
The Greek text at the top of your photo no. 0556 reads: ΛΛΥΠΕΧΛΙΡΕΛΒΓΛΡΟΚΛΙΕΙΣΙΩΝ, followed by ΛΛΥΠΕ in mirror-writing.

This text corresponds to ΛΛΥΠΕ ΧΛΙΡΕ ΛΒΓΛΡ Ο ΚΛΙ ΕΙΣΙΩΝ, i.e. ἄλυπε χαῖρε, Ἀβγαρ ὁ καὶ Εἰσίων, followed by the word ἄλυπε again, in mirror writing. The text at the bottom of your photo no. 0532 is the first part of the same text again: ΛΥΠΕΧΛΙΡΕΛΒΓ, i.e. [ἄ]λυπε χαῖρε, Ἀβγ…

this text corresponds precisely to line 2 of the Greek text of a bilingual Aramaic/Greek inscription published by J.T. Milik, Syria 35 (1958) 243-6 no.6 (SEG 20, 494), and republished in P.-L. Gatier, Inscriptions grecques et latines de Syrie XXI: Inscriptions de la Jordanie, 2: Region centrale (Paris 1986), no.118... This is a stone tombstone from Madaba in Jordan, precisely dated to AD 108/9, on display in the Archaeological Museum in Amman...

The only possible explanation is that the text on the bronze tablet was copied directly from the inscription in the museum at Amman by someone who did not understand the meaning of the text of the inscription, but was simply looking for a plausible-looking sequence of Greek letters to copy. He copied that sequence three times, in each case mixing up the letters alpha and lambda.

This particular bronze tablet is, therefore, a modern forgery, produced in Jordan within the last fifty years. I would stake my career on it.
Too bad.  But it is a cool forgery...

Addendum: A hat tip to CloudSampson, who found a report of another lead book forgery.

4 comments:

  1. Here's another lead book forgery: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Books_of_Sacromonte

    These were found in Spain, rather than the Middle East and have been found to be a hoax as well.

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  2. Thank you, CloudSampson; I've added your link to the post.

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  3. You're welcome.

    As for the remainder, there is a considerable amount of metal book forgeries (or are believed to be forgeries).

    I wonder why it's just metal books? Maybe the forgers in question don't believe that there are other dating techniques out there besides carbon dating, or that metal is harder to date.

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  4. This sentence raised my eyebrows:

    "The codices were discovered in an area to which Christian refugees are known to have fled after the fall of Jerusalem in 70CE/AD."

    "Christian refugees" to me is almost literally not possible, as Christians for all intents and purposes did not yet exist at that time. First off, the Jewish War was against the Jews, not Christians, though the Romans were not prone to make distinctions. One must be aware that the followers of Jesus were Jews, and it is only the followers of Paul (who were almost exclusively Gentiles) who considered themselves Christians. Paul caused a schism, against James, the brother of Jesus, who had inherited the mantle of leadership of the insiders after 33 AD. It was James' murder (at the instigation of Paul, who was PRO-Roman - even a Roman citizen) that triggered the war with Rome at that time. But it was JEWISH reaction, and not Christian (Pauline).

    Whoever makes the claim that this "Christian refugee" statement is based on, I would want to see their sources. I was 100% skeptical when I read that.

    (I've been into this "stuff" for nearly 5 decades, so I have a fairly well-informed opinion.)

    ReplyDelete

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